农业机械化发展战略规划的过程方法研究

农业机械化发展战略规划是一个复杂系统问题,需要有一个科学可行的过程步骤,才能使战略规划问题顺利地开展.依据系统工程的理论与方法,在充分认识农业机械化系统的边界范围、结构关系、特征要求的基础上,阐明了农业机械化发展战略规划所涉及的基本问题与求解技术,构建了相应的过程方法,提出了每个阶段所需要的技术方法和求解问题.     

Systematic landscape restoration using integer programming

In some agricultural regions, reservation of remnant natural lands will not maintain the natural biodiversity and large-scale ecological restoration is required. Geographic planning for restoration is essential to obtain the maximum ecological benefit from the limited resources available for landscape restoration. In this paper, we present a proof-of-concept that implements principles of systematic conservation planning, such as adequacy, representativeness, efficiency and flexibility, within an integer programming framework to identify geographic priorities for landscape restoration in a small catchment in South Australia. Integer programming ensures maximally efficient solutions that meet conservation targets in the form of minimum proportions (30%) and minimum areas (15 ha) of each environment type. However, the optimum solution identifies a system of scattered sites with an inadequate and impractical landscape structure. We propose a system of impedance surfaces that prioritise the spatial location of restoration towards improving landscape structure. Different options for systematic landscape restoration are assessed and the costs of spatial prioritisation of areas is found to be either optimal or very near optimal regardless of the impedances used. Thus, the cost of spatial prioritisation of sites for restoration in the landscape is negligible. We suggest the proposed methodology fits within a broader plan for landscape restoration and natural resource management.     

Locating and protecting critical reserve sites to minimize expected and worst-case losses

There has been much recent interest in the development of systematic reserve selection methods that are capable of incorporating uncertainty associated with site destruction. This paper makes a contribution to this line of research by presenting two different optimization models for minimizing species losses within a planning region. Given limited acquisition budgets, the first minimizes expected species losses over all possible site loss patterns outside the reserve network while the second minimizes maximum species losses following the worst-case loss of a restricted subset of nonreserve sites. By incorporating the uncertainty of site destruction directly into the decision planning process, these models allow a conservation planner to take a less defensive and more strategic view of reserve selection that seeks to minimize species losses through the targeted acquisition of high-value/high-risk sites. We compare both of these methods to a more standard approach, which simply maximizes within reserve representation without regard for the varied level of threat faced by different sites and species. Results on a realistic dataset show that significant reductions in species losses can be achieved using either of these more intelligent modeling frameworks.     

基于无刷电机控制系统的便携式园林割草机设计

在深入研究我国割草机技术的基础上,设计了简单实用的园林便携式割草机。该割草机采用无刷电动机,与传统有刷电动机相比,其主要技术性能大幅提升。以无刷直流电动机专用驱动芯片IR2130为控制芯片,以功率器件MOSFET为开关器件,可实现对无刷直流电动机的控制。     

Spatial optimization by simulated annealing and linear programming

Forest management planning comprises selection among treatment alternatives in management units. A traditional linear programming (LP) approach may effectively account for a profit maximization objective combined with sustainability constraints, e.g. on the temporal distribution of harvest volume flows, cash‐flow, and net present value development, but it fails to account for spatial constraints, especially those associated with final felling. By applying a simulated annealing adjacency model based on net present value maximization and combined with an LP consequence computation model, it is possible to delineate optimal strategies of final felling scheduling. Evaluation is made of the trade‐off between (1) the incremental cost (determined by use of the LP model) of an optimal adjacency model solution, and (2) the potential damage cost resulting from adjacency characteristics such as windthrow and bark injuries. The decision support system may contribute significantly to reduce damage costs and may improve the reliability of forest management planning.     

森林采伐限额与林业企业生产经营优化的探讨

简述了实施森林采伐限额制度的意义，以及实施限量采伐对林业企业经济的影响。利用投入产出与线性规划最优化模型对林业企业生产经营进行优化设计，提出了解决林业企业民限量采伐矛盾的方法和途径。     

关于数控铣削加工中刀具长度补偿功能的探讨

讨论数控铣削加工中应用刀具长度补偿功能的方法和技巧。首先介绍刀具长度补偿建立和撤销的指令格式和编程方法,然后结合对刀过程详细分析了确定刀具长度补偿值的不同方法,最后重点讨论了刀具长度补偿功能在数控铣削加工编程中的具体应用。     

Optimal utilisation of natural resources for agricultural sustainability in rainfed hill plateaus of Orissa

The climatic data for 17 years from 1988 to 2004 of the rainfed hill plateaus of Kandhamal district of Orissa (India) were analyzed to find out the monthly climatic index from the calculated values of effective rainfall and evapotranspiration. The 80% dependable monthly climatic index was correlated with crop coefficient and suitable cropping period and sequences for the study area were suggested based on it. The extent of investment, net return and soil loss from agriculture were estimated as per the present condition and for the suggested cropping patterns. A mathematical model was formulated for optimal allocation of area to different crop sequences with different objectives viz. minimization of soil loss, minimization of investment and maximization of net return from agriculture and was solved using linear goal programming technique. The model suggested to take up food crops in area of 1,30,777 ha and perennial grass cover in 3223 ha with a cropping intensity of 1.61 resulting in a net return of Rs 1064.775 millions sustaining soil loss to a tune of 9489.67 thousand tons per year. The model was found to be favourable in respect of higher net return of Rs 8862.34 and lesser soil loss of 23.41 tons/ha than the corresponding present values. But more investment of Rs 4489.01 per ha was required to fulfill the objectives.     

浅析宏程序在FANUC 0i数控系统中的应用

通过典型零件的宏程序编程实例分析其编程方法，并归纳出手工编程中应．用宏程序解决复杂零件数控加工编程问题的作用和技巧。     

E－凸集的几个基本性质

利用比较与分析的方法，由E-凸集的定义出发，研究了E-凸集的若干基本性质．所得结果丰富并深化了凸分析的基本内容，拓宽了广义凸性在优化理论及其应用中的研究范围．